Polyanionic cellulose (PAC) has emerged as a critical chemical additive in modern oil drilling operations, particularly due to its ability to enhance drilling fluid performance. As a water-soluble polymer derived from cellulose, PAC is chemically modified to introduce anionic groups, which impart unique rheological properties essential for drilling efficiency. Its primary function lies in stabilizing…
1. Introduction Coal washing is a critical process to remove impurities from raw coal, but it generates large volumes of wastewater containing suspended solids, heavy metals, and organic pollutants. Effective treatment of this wastewater is essential to mitigate environmental impacts and comply with regulatory standards. 2. Characteristics of Coal Washing Wastewater The wastewater typically exhibits:…